The voluntary operant and the operant nature of volition: Three views.

Many philosophers, psychologists, and lay folk associate volition with autonomy (actions are independent of an individual's environment) and free will (individuals originate their actions). Most behaviorists hold these views to be incompatible with behavior analyses. The present paper describes volition as interpreted by B. F. Skinner, Howard Rachlin, and Allen Neuringer. Skinner relates volition to positively reinforced operant behavior. That works because, like operants, voluntary actions are free, in the sense of not physically constrained; they affect their environments, often resulting in positive outcomes, and are sometimes unpredictable. Rachlin, while incorporating Skinnerian methods, interprets volition within his own Teleological Behaviorism framework. For Rachlin, reinforcement of an individual response is often incompatible with voluntary control, thereby disagreeing with Skinner. Responses are voluntary only when they are members of extended response patterns. Neuringer also begins with Skinner's operants, but argues that, under the control of reinforcing consequences, both voluntary actions and operant responses are sometimes predictable and other times "truly" unpredictable. Neuringer does not assume that environments determine voluntary actions, thereby disagreeing with Skinner and Rachlin. Taken together, the agreements and disagreements among these three behaviorists may help to shed light on the relationship between operants and volition.

Notas para decolonizar os estudos transpessoais no brasil: contribuições do pluriperspectivismo participativo / Notes for decolonizing transpersonal studies in brazil: contributions of participatory pluriperspectivism / Apuntes para la decolonización de los estudios transpersonales en brasil: aportes del pluriperspectivismo participativo

O campo dos estudos transpessoais tem avançado em diversas áreas no Brasil. Comemorou seus 40 anos com uma inserção ativa nas Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) e uma ampliação de núcleos formativos e apoiadores de ensino, pesquisa e ações sociais, além de diálogos com o Sistema de Conselhos de Psicologia. Desafios são apresentados a partir do levantamento de uma série de questões importantes e ignoradas dentro da Psicologia Transpessoal no Brasil. Apresentamos o pluriperspectivismo participativo como possibilidade de decolonizar as matrizes eurocêntricas e estadunidenses, que dão suporte ao pensamento transpessoal brasileiro, buscando honrar nossas raízes históricas e incluir outras epistemologias e ontologias, que dão continuidade à crítica à lógica cartesiana moderna. Indicamos uma breve agenda de notas temáticas que carecem de um processo decolonizador no campo transpessoal: a) crítica às perspectivas de um pensamento hegemônico, em termos globais por meio da dominação Norte-Sul ou no campo das relações sociais; b) revisão das formas de "centrocentrismo"; c) questionamento da noção de universalismo das ciências e da ética; d) aprofundamento da análise crítica da supremacia restritiva da racionalidade formal técnico-científica em relação às formas de subjetividade, de vivências holísticas e integradoras e de valorização do corpo; e) revisão da noção de sujeito moderno desprovida da cocriação do humano com a comunidade, a história, a natureza e o cosmos.(AU)

The field of transpersonal studies has advanced in several areas in Brazil. It celebrated its 40th anniversary with an active insertion in Higher Education Institutions (HEI) and an expansion of training centers and supporters of teaching, research, and social actions, in addition to dialogues with the System of Councils of Psychology. Challenges are presented based on a survey of a series of important and ignored issues within Transpersonal Psychology in Brazil. We present participatory pluriperspectivism as a possibility to decolonize the Eurocentric and North American matrices that support Brazilian transpersonal thought, seeking to honor our historical roots and include other epistemologies and ontologies, which continue the critique of modern Cartesian logic. We indicate a brief agenda of thematic notes that lack a decolonizing process in the transpersonal field: a) criticism of the perspectives of a hegemonic thought, whether in global terms via North-South domination or in the field of social relations; b) review of the forms of "centrocentrism"; c) questioning of the notion of universalism of science and ethics; d) deepening of the critical analysis of the restrictive supremacy of the technical-scientific formal rationality in relation to the forms of subjectivity, of holistic and integrative experiences, and of valuing the body; e) review of the notion of the modern subject devoid of the co-creation of the human with the community, the history, the nature, and the cosmos.(AU)

El campo de los estudios transpersonales ha avanzado en varias áreas de Brasil. Se celebró su 40.º aniversario con una inserción activa en Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) y una ampliación de los centros de formación y promotores de la docencia, la investigación y la acción social, además de diálogos con el Sistema de Consejos de Psicología. Los desafíos se presentan a partir de una encuesta de una serie de temas importantes e ignorados dentro de la Psicología Transpersonal en Brasil. Presentamos el pluriperspectivismo participativo como una posibilidad para decolonizar las matrices eurocéntrica y americana, que sustentan el pensamiento transpersonal brasileño, buscando honrar nuestras raíces históricas e incluir otras epistemologías y ontologías que continúan la crítica de la lógica cartesiana moderna. Indicamos una breve agenda de apuntes temáticos que carecen de un proceso decolonizador en el campo transpersonal: a) crítica de las perspectivas de un pensamiento hegemónico, ya sea en términos globales a través del dominio Norte-Sur o en el campo de las relaciones sociales; b) revisión de las formas de "centrocentrismo"; c) cuestionamiento de la noción de universalismo de la ciencia y la ética; d) profundización del análisis crítico de la supremacía restrictiva de la racionalidad formal técnico-científica en relación a las formas de subjetividad, de experiencias holísticas e integradoras y de valoración del cuerpo; e) revisión de la noción de sujeto moderno desprovisto de la cocreación de lo humano con la comunidad, la historia, la naturaleza y el cosmos.(AU)

Psychedelics and the new behaviourism: considering the integration of third-wave behaviour therapies with psychedelic-assisted therapy.

This narrative review examines evidence related to the potential for third wave behaviour therapies to serve as adjuncts to psychedelic-assisted therapy. It identifies shared theoretical foundations for both approaches, and notes enhanced mindfulness, decentering, emotion regulation, and distress tolerance as common mechanisms of action. It also identifies potential targets for which both approaches have demonstrated therapeutic potential, including problematic substance use, self-directed and other-directed violence, and mood disorders. Based on these commonalities, there is a call for research on the potential integration of psychedelic-assisted therapy and third wave behaviour therapies including Dialectical Behaviour Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy.

Mindfulness: ¿proceso, habilidad o estrategia? Un análisis desde el análisis del comportamiento y del contextualismo funcional / Mindfulness: processus, compétence ou stratégie ? Étude de l'analyse comportementale et du contextualisme fonctionnel / Mindfulness: processo, habilidade ou estratégia? Estudo a partir da análise comportamental e do contextualismo funcional / Mindfulness: process, skill or strategy? A behavioral-analytic and functional-contextualistic analysis

Los efectos positivos del mindfulness en el tratamiento de múltiples problemas psicológicos en diversas poblaciones han popularizado su uso dentro de la psicología clínica en los últimos años. No obstante, las investigaciones empíricas y revisiones teóricas sobre el mindfulness muestran tres usos diferentes del mindfulness dentro de las aproximaciones conductuales: como proceso, como habilidad y como estrategia. Las discrepancias en las definiciones de mindfulness han generado ambigüedad con respecto a qué y cómo se investiga este fenómeno. En este trabajo se realizó un análisis conceptual de las definiciones del mindfulness de acuerdo con los supuestos filosóficos analíticos-conductuales y contextualistas-funcionales. Finalmente, se discutió la importancia de contar con una definición precisa y unánime con el fin de desarrollar una agenda coordinada de investigación en esse campo.

Les effets positifs du mindfulness dans le traitement de plusieurs problèmes psychologiques dans différentes populations ont encouragé la psychologie clinique à l'utiliser au cours des dernières années. Cependant, la recherche théorique et empirique sur les examens de pleine conscience montrent trois utilisations différentes de l'attention dans les approches comportementales: comme un processus, comme une compétance et en tant que stratégie. Les divergences dans les définitions de la pleine conscience ont créé une ambiguïté quant à pourquoi et comment ce phénomène est étudié. Cet article est une analyse conceptuelle de la pleine conscience ayant comme paramètres philosophiques l'analyse du comportement et le contextualisme fonctionnel. La discussion finale tourne autour de l'importance d'avoir une définition précise et unanime en vue d'élaborer un programme coordonné de recherche dans ce domaine.

Os efeitos positivos do mindfulness no tratamento de vários problemas psicológicos em diferentes populações incentivaram a psicologia clínica a utilizá-lo nos últimos anos. No entanto, pesquisas empíricas e revisões teóricas sobre o mindfulness mostraram três usos diferentes desse termo segundo perspectivas comportamentais: como processo, como habilidade e como estratégia. As discrepâncias nas definições do mindfulness geraram ambiguidade em relação àquilo que é pesquisado e como é pesquisado. Neste texto, realizou-se uma análise conceitual das definições do mindfulness tendo como bases filosóficas a análise do comportamento e o contextualismo funcional. Por último, discutiu-se a importância de ter uma definição precisa e unânime com o objetivo de desenvolver uma agenda coordenada de pesquisa nesse campo.

Mindfulness has been widely disseminated in clinical psychology in recent years, due to the positive effects on treating several psychological issues in diverse population. Nonetheless, empirical research and theoretical reviews show three different meanings of mindfulness within behavioral approaches: as a process, as skill, and as a strategy. Discrepancies about mindfulness definitions have brought ambiguity to what and how this phenomenon is studied. A conceptual analysis of mindfulness according to behavioral-analytic and functional-contextualistic philosophical traditions is presented. Finally, it was discussed the relevance of employing a precise and consensual definition of mindfulness to develop a coordinated research agenda in this field.

[ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPY (ACT): BEHAVIORISM, MINDFULNESS AND VALUES]. / Terapia de Aceptación y Compromiso (ACT): conductismo, mindfulness y valores.

Over the last decades a series of psychological treatments labeled <> have been developed. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a third generation therapy that essentially seeks to promote the acceptance of private events in opposition to their modification or change, with the aim of promoting cognitive flexibility. Thus, it is intended that the subject be permitted to choose their behavior consistent with personal values. The current work aims to provide overview specific to the contextual conditions that promoted the emergence of ACT, the underlying philosophy and theory, and the particularities of the intervention model.

Características de las tendencias en la formación del profesional médico en Cuba / Characteristics of the trends in the training of medical professionals in Cuba

En el presente trabajo, el autor se propone tratar el tema de las características de las tendencias en la formación de médicos en Cuba, mediante una valoración histórica de la problemática y de su tratamiento bibliográfico contemporáneo, especialmente en las dos últimas décadas del pasado siglo y la primera del presente; para ello se consultaron textos y artículos relacionados con la formación de médicos en Cuba lo que permitirá a los investigadores de las ciencias de la salud una percepción holística ante los retos actuales en la formación de médicos en Cuba. Entre los diferentes métodos seleccionados y empleados por el autor, se encuentra la revisión documental y teórica de variados referentes bibliográficos en el tratamiento actual de la problemática.

In this work, the author aims at dealing with the theme of the characteristics of the trends in the training of doctors in Cuba, by means of a historical assessment of the problem and its contemporary bibliographic approach, especially in the last two decades of the 20th century, and the first decade of the 21st century; with this purpose books and articles related to this issue were consulted. This work may allow researchers of the health sciences to get a holistic perception in view of the current challenges in the training of doctors in Cuba. Among the different methods chosen and used by the author, we have theoretical and documentary revision of different bibliographic sources that deal with the current approach to this problem.

Behaviorismo Radical e MaterialismoEliminativo: uma crítica ao mentalismo / Radical Behaviorism and Eliminative Materialism:a criticism to mentalism

No presente artigo são investigadas as relações entre o Behaviorismo Radical e o Materialismo Eliminativo. A despeito de suas peculiaridades, esses dois programas têm em comum a crítica sistemática às explicações mentalistas da psicologia popular, reivindicando uma nova estrutura conceptual forjada em contexto científico rigoroso. Esse aspecto justifica a renúncia de ambos ao projeto reducionista da Teoria da Identidade, e por consistir no critério mais essencial ao Materialismo Eliminativo, permite que este prescinda do compromisso exclusivo com a neurociência como substituta da psicologia popular, abrindo espaço para que a ciência do comportamento de base behaviorista radical seja incluída ao projeto eliminativista.(AU)

The relations between Radical Behaviorism and Eliminative Materialism are investigated. Despite its peculiarities, these two programs have in common the systematic criticism to the mentalists explanations of folk psychology, claiming a new conceptual structure built in a rigorous scientific context. This aspect jus tifies the rejection of both to the reductionist project of the Identity Theory, and as this is the most essential criteria of Eliminative Materialism allows it to ignore the exclusive commitment with neurosciences as a substitute of folk psychology, opening space for a radical behaviorist based behavior science to be included in the eliminative project.(AU)

Behaviorismo radical e materialismo eliminativo: uma crítica ao mentalismo / Radical behaviorism and eliminative materialism: a criticism to mentalism

No presente artigo são investigadas as relações entre o Behaviorismo Radical e o Materialismo Eliminativo. A despeito de suas peculiaridades, esses dois programas têm em comum a crítica sistemática às explicações mentalistas da psicologia popular, reivindicando uma nova estrutura conceptual forjada em contexto científico rigoroso. Esse aspecto justifica a renúncia de ambos ao projeto reducionista da Teoria da Identidade, e por consistir no critério mais essencial ao Materialismo Eliminativo, permite que este prescinda do compromisso exclusivo com a neurociência como substituta da psicologia popular, abrindo espaço para que a ciência do comportamento de base behaviorista radical seja incluída ao projeto eliminativista.

The relations between Radical Behaviorism and Eliminative Materialism are investigated. Despite its peculiarities, these two programs have in common the systematic criticism to the mentalists explanations of folk psychology, claiming a new conceptual structure built in a rigorous scientific context. This aspect jus tifies the rejection of both to the reductionist project of the Identity Theory, and as this is the most essential criteria of Eliminative Materialism allows it to ignore the exclusive commitment with neurosciences as a substitute of folk psychology, opening space for a radical behaviorist based behavior science to be included in the eliminative project.

Gender and health lifestyle: an in-depth exploration of self-care activities in later life.

UNLABELLED: OBJECTIVE. Evaluate similarities and differences in the self-care domain of health lifestyle among older, rural-dwelling women and men. METHOD: Qualitative analysis of in-depth interview data from 62 community-dwelling older (M = 74.3 years) African and European American women and men. RESULTS: Both older women and men rely heavily on over-the-counter medications and home remedies for self-care; professional health care is typically sought when self-care is not effective. However, relative to men, women were more knowledgeable about different approaches to self-care, especially home remedies; they used a wider range of self-care activities; and they placed greater priority on self-care over professional health care. DISCUSSION: The structure of older women's and men's self-care domain of health lifestyle is similar. However, there are subtle differences in health lifestyle that are likely embedded in gendered role behavior and may contribute to women's greater health complaints.

The psychological behaviorism theory of pain and the placebo: its principles and results of research application.

The psychological behaviorism theory of pain unifies biological, behavioral, and cognitive-behavioral theories of pain and facilitates development of a common vocabulary for pain research across disciplines. Pain investigation proceeds in seven interacting realms: basic biology, conditioned learning, language cognition, personality differences, pain behavior, the social environment, and emotions. Because pain is an emotional response, examining the bidirectional impact of emotion is pivotal to understanding pain. Emotion influences each of the other areas of interest and causes the impact of each factor to amplify or diminish in an additive fashion. Research based on this theory of pain has revealed the ameliorating impact on pain of (1) improving mood by engaging in pleasant sexual fantasies, (2) reducing anxiety, and (3) reducing anger through various techniques. Application of the theory to therapy improved the results of treatment of osteoarthritic pain. The psychological behaviorism theory of the placebo considers the placebo a stimulus conditioned to elicit a positive emotional response. This response is most powerful if it is elicited by conditioned language. Research based on this theory of the placebo that pain is ameliorated by a placebo suggestion and augmented by a nocebo suggestion and that pain sensitivity and pain anxiety increase susceptibility to a placebo.

Bending a habit: critical social theory as a framework for humanistic nursing education.

Nursing education is currently experiencing a transition away from a focus on behavioral outcomes and toward a focus which better reflects the humanistic, caring aspects of nursing. Nursing educational content and process must reflect this changing focus of healthcare, which itself is transgressing away from the inherent objectivism of acute care toward the more humanistic elements integral to community building. This paper studies this movement from behaviorism to humanism in nursing education and assumes its foundations in the tenets of critical social theory. The roots of critical social theory are examined, followed by an overview of the changes occurring within nursing education today.

Psychotherapies: an overview.

The author schematically describes the three predominating themes in the development of the psychotherapies: dynamic, behavioral, and experiential. These themes represent different conceptualizations of the fundamental nature of man and his ills, therapeutic processes or change agents, the basic nature of the physician-patient relationship, and the primary techniques and methods used. Although there appears to be some unifying thread connecting the four different areas within each theme, a comparable bond does not exist across the three themes. The author questions the potential unification of the psychotherapies and poses specific dimensions for further exploration.

The effect of practice orientations on clinical assessment.

Increasing theoretical evidence suggests that assessment procedures in themselves may have deleterious effects on mental health intervention. This experimental study of assessment processes suggests that negative labeling is related to the main effects of practice orientations and status differential. Results are discussed in terms of the unexpected negative consequences of assessment.